{"id":65352,"date":"2021-07-16T18:13:15","date_gmt":"2021-07-16T23:13:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.consilio.com\/?p=65352"},"modified":"2023-10-06T12:13:43","modified_gmt":"2023-10-06T17:13:43","slug":"how-should-productions-of-mobile-device-messages-be-formatted","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.consilio.com\/how-should-productions-of-mobile-device-messages-be-formatted\/","title":{"rendered":"How Should Productions of Mobile Device Messages Be Formatted?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1216.8px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p>Mobile devices have become frequent sources of relevant ESI in litigation. According to <a title=\"2017 Litigation Trends Annual Survey\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nortonrosefulbright.com\/knowledge\/publications\/142155\/2016-litigation-trends-annual-survey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one litigation trends survey<\/a>, roughly half of all litigation matters in 2015 and 2016 involved preservation and\/or collection of mobile device data. Of the mobile device sources implicated in 2016, 93% were smartphones. In its <a title=\"Cellebrite Industry Trend Survey: Law Enforcement\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cellebrite.com\/en\/insights\/industry-survey\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2019 Report on Industry Trends for Law Enforcement<\/a>, Cellebrite (<a title=\"Cellebrite\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cellebrite.com\/en\/home\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">maker of forensic tools for mobile devices<\/a>) found that smartphones were far and away from the most common source of digital evidence with 91% of \u201c<em>Investigator<\/em>\u201d respondents indicating that smartphones were \u201c<em>Very Frequent<\/em>\u201d (81%) or \u201c<em>Frequent<\/em>\u201d (10%) sources.<\/p>\n<p>As mobile device sources have rapidly increased in number and importance, practitioners have struggled to adapt to these evolving expectations and challenges. Among those challenges is the question of what format to use for the production (or request) of mobile device data.<\/p>\n<h2>What Kind of Data Is Being Produced from Mobile Devices?<\/h2>\n<p>In\u00a0<a title=\"RILEY v. CALIFORNIA\" href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/13pdf\/13-132_8l9c.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Riley v. California<\/em>, 573 U. S. 373 (2014)<\/a>, the Supreme Court summed up the kind of all-encompassing data source that smartphones have become: \u201c<em>. . . it is no exaggeration to say that many of the more than 90% of American adults who own a cell phone keep on their person a digital record of nearly every aspect of their lives \u2013 from the mundane to the intimate.<\/em>\u201d A single smartphone will routinely contain thousands upon thousands of unique records, including: phone-specific materials, mobile application and Internet materials, and traditional office documents. Despite this great volume and diversity, however, it has so far been <strong>text messages<\/strong>\u00a0(including SMS, MMS, and\u00a0<a title=\"Over-The-Top Messaging Apps Overtake SMS Messaging\" href=\"https:\/\/mobilemarketingmagazine.com\/over-the-top-messaging-apps-overtake-sms-messaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OTT<\/a>\u00a0messages) that have been relevant most often.<\/p>\n<h2>What Makes Mobile Device Message Production Complicated?<\/h2>\n<p>Production of mobile device messages is complicated for three main reasons:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>First, mobile device data collection is accomplished using specialized collection kits akin to those used for forensic acquisitions from computers. After collection, the acquired files must be exported from the acquisition software for incorporation into your project workflow for assessment, review, and production. Unfortunately, it is common for these tools to output all of the files as a single exported document (<em>e.<\/em>, a long multi-page PDF or large multi-tab spreadsheet). These files are not generally conducive to convenient review or production, and if you wish to break those concatenated records out into individual files, additional work (or a specialized\u00a0<a title=\"XDD Mobile Review\" href=\"https:\/\/www.consilio.com\/complete\/chat\/\">software solution<\/a>) is needed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Second, a clear standard has not yet emerged for how best to format such productions, with some parties and courts insisting on native files with metadata, others pushing for near-native options that are optimized for display and review (<em>e.<\/em>, simulating chat bubbles or other contextual elements), and others seeking near-paper productions of page images with metadata and extracted text (like those used for\u00a0email productions). On a technical level, there is also more variability among review platforms and providers with regard to text and chat message handling, with some treating them the same as other types of documents and others offering dedicated viewers with\u00a0<a title=\"RSMF-supported Emoji, Emoticons, and Attachments\" href=\"https:\/\/help.relativity.com\/RelativityOne\/Content\/System_Guides\/Relativity_Short_Message_Format\/RSMF-supported_Emoji_Emoticons_and_Attachments.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">emoji support<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Short Message Viewer\" href=\"https:\/\/help.relativity.com\/RelativityOne\/Content\/Relativity\/Viewer\/Short_Message_Viewer.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">specialized features<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Third, a clear standard has not yet emerged for how best to handle the unitization of messages and threads. Should each individual message be treated as an individual document? Should distinct threads be treated as individual documents instead? If so, should they be complete or broken into separate records by date?\u00a0 Should the whole message database be treated as a single record from which irrelevant messages can be redacted? Currently, litigants are working through these questions on a case-by-case basis (with limited guidance from the courts, as we will discuss below).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>What Do the Rules Say About ESI Production Formats?<\/h2>\n<p>Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, litigants are directed (<a title=\"Rule 26. Duty to Disclose; General Provisions Governing Discovery\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/rules\/frcp\/rule_26\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in FRCP 26(f)(3)<\/a>) to negotiate about \u201c<em>the form or forms in which [ESI] should be produced<\/em>\u201d as part of their overall 26(f) meet and confer process. During this process, litigants are free to negotiate whatever stipulated production formats and specifications they wish for relevant mobile device messages.<\/p>\n<p>If nothing is negotiated in advance,\u00a0<a title=\"Rule 34. Producing Documents, Electronically Stored Information, and Tangible Things, or Entering onto Land, for Inspection and Other Purposes\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/rules\/frcp\/rule_34\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FRCP 34(b)(1)(C)<\/a>\u00a0allows the litigant requesting production of ESI to \u201c<em>specify the form or forms in which [ESI] is to be produced<\/em>.\u201d The requesting litigant is free to ask for whatever production formats and specifications they wish, though the responding litigant is also free to object and propose an alternative (<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/rules\/frcp\/rule_34\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FRCP 34(b)(2)(D)<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>When no ESI production format has been stipulated through negotiation or specified in the request,\u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/rules\/frcp\/rule_34\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FRCP 34(b)(2)(E)(ii)<\/a>\u00a0specifies that \u201c<em>a party must produce it in a form or forms in which it is ordinarily maintained or in a reasonably usable form or forms<\/em>.\u201d This translates to <strong>a choice between producing ESI in its native format or in some other reasonably usable form or forms, which typically means near-paper or near-native format<\/strong>, accompanied by a load file with relevant metadata, searchable text, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Courts have emphasized the importance of maintaining\u00a0<strong>searchability and sortability<\/strong>\u00a0in assessing whether a given production format is \u201c<em>reasonably usable<\/em>\u201d under the rules.\u00a0 In\u00a0<a title=\"David A. Johnson &amp; Alda, Inc. v. Italian Shoemakers, Inc.\" href=\"https:\/\/casetext.com\/case\/david-a-johnson-alda-inc-v-italian-shoemakers-inc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>David A. Johnson &amp; Alda, Inc. v. Italian Shoemakers, Inc.<\/em>, Case No. 3:17-cv-00740-FDW-DSC (W.D.N.C. Oct. 22, 2018)<\/a>, the plaintiffs repeatedly produced emails in PDF format rather than in native format with metadata, as required by the applicable discovery order. In its analysis, the court explained that the requirement in FRCP 34(b)(2)(E)(ii) to produce ESI \u201c<em>in a form or forms in which it is ordinarily maintained or in a reasonably usable form or forms<\/em>\u201d is satisfied \u201c<strong><em>when the party provides documents that are searchable and\/or sortable by metadata fields<\/em><\/strong>\u201d [emphasis added].<\/p>\n<h2>What Have Cases Said About Mobile Device Message Production?<\/h2>\n<p>In,\u00a0<a title=\"Laub v. Horbaczewski\" href=\"https:\/\/casetext.com\/case\/laub-v-horbaczewski\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Laub v. Horbaczewski<\/em>, 331 F.R.D. 516 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 22, 2019)<\/a>, several disputes arose related to the production of relevant text messages and \u201c<em>iNotes<\/em>\u201d from the defendant\u2019s iPhone, and among them was a dispute over the appropriate format in which to produce such materials. The Magistrate Judge reviewed the relevant rules and committee notes and came to the same conclusion as in the case above: that <strong>searchability is central to reasonable usability<\/strong>\u00a0under the rules: \u201c<em>Further, \u2018[i]f the responding party ordinarily maintains the information it is producing in a way that makes it searchable by electronic means,\u00a0<strong>the information should not be produced in a form that removes or significantly degrades this feature<\/strong>,\u2019<\/em>\u201d [emphasis added; citation omitted].<\/p>\n<p>In reaching this conclusion, the Magistrate Judge, also reviewed prior case examples in which parties were directed to \u201c<em>produce any relevant text messages in native format or in another format agreed to by the moving party<\/em>\u201d and to \u201c<em>produce these text messages in a form that shows the sender, recipient, time, and date the messages were sent, as required by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure<\/em>.\u201d She also stated a clear preference for producing in \u201c<strong><em>aggregated<\/em><\/strong>\u201d formats in which the various individual messages could be seen in context with each other, preserving \u201c<em>the\u00a0<strong>integrity of the threads of communication<\/strong>\u00a0reflected in the text messages<\/em>\u201d [emphasis added].<\/p>\n<h2>So, How Should You Request Mobile Device Message Production?<\/h2>\n<p>Based on the limited guidance available, it is clear that a litigant could propose or request the production of mobile device messages in a few different ways that would all preserve searchability and sortability, as well as thread relationships. When choosing how you wish to proceed from among these options, there are four main considerations to bear in mind:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>You will want to request either native files, near-native files, or near-paper image files, and regardless of which, you will want to request with them a load file containing metadata and extracted text<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>You will want to request the inclusion of attachments (e.g., images, animations, etc.) and the documentation through metadata of their relationships to specific messages<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>You will want to request your preferred handling of message unitization and thread documentation (e.g., handling each message as an individual record with a custom metadata field documenting thread groupings, producing complete threads together as single documents, producing threads divided up by days, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>You will want to request your preferred metadata fields to ensure you have the information you need to work with the produced materials in your preferred manner; kinds of fields to consider requesting include:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>General Information Fields: Custodian, Attachments, Time Zone, From, To, Date\/Time Sent, Date\/Time Received, File Name, Message Text<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Mobile Messaging Information Fields: Application, Account, User Name, Chat Room\/Channel Name, Participants, Thread Group<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Procedural Information Fields: Hash Value, Request Number(s), Search Term(s)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As mobile device sources have rapidly increased in number and importance, practitioners are struggling more often with the question of what format to use for such productions<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":65407,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1034,3085,838],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.5 (Yoast SEO v22.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Should Productions of Mobile Device Messages Be Formatted? 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